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  1. Barrick, J. E., D. E. Deatherage, and R. E. Lenski. 2019. A test of the repeatability of measurements of relative fitness in the long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli. In W. Banzhaf, B. H. C. Cheng, K. Deb, K. E. Holekamp, R. E. Lenski, C. Ofria, R. T. Pennock, W. F. Punch, and D. J. Whittaker, editors. Evolution in Action: Past, Present and Future. Springer, in press.
  2. Lenski, R. E. 2019. 2010: A BEACON odyssey. In W. Banzhaf, B. H. C. Cheng, K. Deb, K. E. Holekamp, R. E. Lenski, C. Ofria, R. T. Pennock, W. F. Punch, and D. J. Whittaker, editors. Evolution in Action: Past, Present and Future. Springer, in press.
  3. Card, K. J., T. LaBar, J. B. Gomez, and R. E. Lenski. 2019. Historical contingency in the evolution of antibiotic resistance after decades of relaxed selection. PLOS Biology, in press. (Open access) [doi:10.5061/dryad.g41hg96]
  4. Lamrabet, O., J. Plumbridge, M. Martin, R. E. Lenski, D. Schneider, and T. Hindré. 2019. Plasticity of promoter-core sequences allows bacteria to compensate for the loss of a key global regulatory gene. Molecular Biology and Evolution 36: 1121-1133. (Paper) [10.5061/dryad.d02sc44]
  5. Lamrabet, O., M. Martin, R. E. Lenski, and D. Schneider. 2019. Changes in intrinsic antibiotic susceptibility during a long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli. mBio 10: e00189-19. (Open access)
  6. Blount, Z. D., R. E. Lenski, and J. B. Losos. 2018. Contingency and determinism in evolution: replaying life’s tape. Science 362: 655 (review summary) and Science 362: eaam5979 (full review article). (Review Summary)
  7. Maddamsetti, R., and R. E. Lenski. 2018. Analysis of bacterial genomes from an evolution experiment with horizontal gene transfer shows that recombination can sometimes overwhelm selection. PLOS Genetics 14: e1007199. (Open Access)[10.5061/dryad.3bv80]
  8. Peng, F., S. Widmann, A. Wünsche, K. Duan, K. A. Donovan, R. C. J. Dobson, R. E. Lenski, and T. F. Cooper. 2018. Effects of beneficial mutations in pykF gene vary over time and across replicate populations in a long-term experiment with bacteria. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35: 202-210. (Abstract)
  9. Lenski, R. E., and T. C. Burnham. 2018. Experimental evolution of bacteria across 60,000 generations, and what it might mean for economics and human decision-making. Journal of Bioeconomics 20: 107-124. (Full Text via ReadCube)
  10. Good, B. H., M. J. McDonald, J. E. Barrick, R. E. Lenski, and M. M. Desai. 2017. The dynamics of molecular evolution over 60,000 generations. Nature 551: 45-50. (Abstract)
  11. Couce, A., L. V. Caudwell, C. Feinauer, T. Hindré, J. P. Feugeas, M. Weigt, R. E. Lenski, D. Schneider, and O. Tenaillon. 2017. Mutator genomes decay, despite sustained fitness gains, in a long-term experiment with bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 114: E9026-E9035. (Abstract)[10.5061/dryad.sq67g]
  12. Lenski, R. E. 2017. Experimental evolution and the dynamics of adaptation and genome evolution in microbial populations. ISME Journal 11: 2181-2194. (Article)
  13. Lenski, R. E. 2017. Convergence and divergence in a long-term experiment with bacteria. American Naturalist 190: S57-S68. (Abstract)
  14. Turner, C. B., B. D. Wade, J. R. Meyer, B. A. Sommerfeld, and R. E. Lenski. 2017. Evolution of organismal stoichiometry in a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli. Royal Society Open Science 4: 170497. (Open Access)[10.5061/dryad.m53r1]
  15. Maddamsetti, R., P. J. Hatcher, A. G. Green, B. L. Williams, D. S. Marks, and R. E. Lenski. 2017. Core genes evolve rapidly in the long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli. Genome Biology and Evolution 9: 1072-1083. (Abstract)[10.5061/dryad.2875k.2]
  16. Lenski, R. E. 2017. What is adaptation by natural selection? Perspectives of an experimental microbiologist. PLOS Genetics 13: e1006668. (Open Access)
  17. Deatherage, D. E., J. L. Kepner, A. F. Bennett, R. E. Lenski, and J. E. Barrick. 2017. Specificity of genome evolution in experimental populations of Escherichia coli evolved at different temperatures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 114: E1904–E1912. (OA full text)
  18. Grosskopf, T., J. Consuegra, J. Gaffé, J. Willison, R. E. Lenski, O. S. Soyer, and D. Schneider. 2016. Metabolic modelling in a dynamic evolutionary framework predicts adaptive diversification of bacteria in a long-term evolution experiment. BMC Evolutionary Biology 16:163. (Article)
  19. Tenaillon, O., J. E. Barrick, N. Ribeck, D. E. Deatherage, J. L. Blanchard, A. Dasgupta, G. C. Wu, S. Wielgoss, S. Cruveiller, C. Médigue, D. Schneider, R. E. Lenski. 2016. Tempo and mode of genome evolution in a 50,000-generation experiment. Nature 536:165-170. (Article)[doi:10.5061/dryad.6226d]
  20. Lenski, R. E., and D. S. Wilson. 2016. Evolutionary biology’s master craftsman: an interview with Richard Lenski. This View of Life [web magazine]. (Website)
  21. Lenski, R. E., M. J. Wiser, N. Ribeck, Z. D. Blount, J. R. Nahum, J. J. Morris, L. Zaman, C. B. Turner, B. D. Wade, R. Maddamsetti, A. R. Burmeister, E. J. Baird, J. Bundy, N. A. Grant, K. J. Card, M. Rowles, K. Weatherspoon, S. E. Papoulis, R. Sullivan, C. Clark, J. S. Mulka, and N. Hajela. 2015. Sustained fitness gains and variability in fitness trajectories in the long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 282:20152292. (Article)[doi:10.5061/dryad.gd3dq]
  22. Turner, C. B., Z. D. Blount, and R. E. Lenski. 2015. Replaying evolution to test the cause of extinction of one ecotype in an experimentally evolved population. PLOS ONE 10: e0142050. (Article)[doi:10.5061/dryad.vf896]
  23. Maddamsetti, R., P. J. Hatcher, S. Cruveiller, C. Médigue, J. E. Barrick, and R. E. Lenski. 2015. Synonymous genetic variation in natural isolates of Escherichia coli does not predict where synonymous substitutions occur in a long-term experiment. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32: 2897-2904. (Abstract)[doi:10.5061/dryad.266g4]
  24. Fox, J. W., and R. E. Lenski. 2015. From here to eternity–the theory and practice of a really long experiment. PLOS Biology 13:e1002185. (Article)
  25. Maddamsetti, R., R. E. Lenski, and J. E. Barrick. 2015. Adaptation, clonal interference, and frequency-dependent interactions in a long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli. Genetics 200:619-631. (Abstract)[10.5061/dryad.3m00k]
  26. Wiser, M. J., and R. E. Lenski. 2015. A comparison of methods to measure fitness in Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE 10:e0126210. (Article)[10.5061/dryad.4875k]
  27. Ribeck, N., and R. E. Lenski. 2015. Modeling and quantifying frequency-dependent fitness in microbial populations with cross-feeding interactions. Evolution 69:1313-1320. (Abstract)[doi:10.5061/dryad.vm752]
  28. Raeside, C., J. Gaffé, D. E. Deatherage, O. Tenaillon, A. Briska, R. N. Ptashkin, S. Cruveiller, C. Médigue, R. E. Lenski, J. E. Barrick, and D. Schneider. 2014. Large chromosomal rearrangements during a long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli. mBio 5: e01377-14. (Full Text PDF)[doi:10.5061/dryad.283pp]
  29. Plucain, J., T. Hindré, M. Le Gac, O. Tenaillon, S. Cruveiller, C. Médigue, N. Leiby, W. R. Harcombe, C. J. Marx, R. E. Lenski, D. Schneider. 2014. Epistasis and allele specificity in the emergence of a stable polymorphism in Escherichia coli. Science 343:1366-1369. (Full Text PDF)[doi:10.5061/dryad.12c6b]
  30. Wiser, M. J., N. Ribeck, and R. E. Lenski. 2013. Long-term dynamics of adaptation in asexual populations. Science 342:1364-1367. (Full Text PDF)[doi:10.5061/dryad.0hc2m]
  31. Barrick, J. E., and R. E. Lenski. 2013. Genome dynamics during experimental evolution. Nature Reviews Genetics 14:827-839. (Abstract)
  32. Wielgoss, S., J. E. Barrick, O. Tenaillon, M. J. Wiser, W. J. Dittmar, S. Cruveiller, B. Chane-Woon-Ming, C. Médigue, R. E. Lenski, and D. Schneider. 2013. Mutation rate dynamics in a bacterial population reflect tension between adaptation and genetic load. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 110:222-227. (Abstract)[doi:10.5061/dryad.hb3b5]
  33. Blount, Z. D., J. E. Barrick, C. J. Davidson, and R. E. Lenski. 2012. Genomic analysis of a key innovation in an experimental Escherichia coli population. Nature 489:513-518. (Abstract)[doi:10.5061/dryad.8q6n4]
  34. Le Gac, M., J. Plucain, T. Hindré, R. E. Lenski, and D. Schneider. 2012. Ecological and evolutionary dynamics of coexisting lineages during a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 109:9487-9492. (Abstract)[doi:10.5061/dryad.d7k5r5d2]
  35. Wielgoss, S., J. E. Barrick, O. Tenaillon, S. Cruvellier, B. Chane-Woon-Ming, C. Médigue, R. E. Lenski, and D. Schneider. 2011. Mutation rate inferred from synonymous substitutions in a long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics 1:183-186. (Abstract)
  36. Khan, A. I., D. M. Dinh, D. Schneider, R. E. Lenski, and T. F. Cooper. 2011. Negative epistasis between beneficial mutations in an evolving bacterial population. Science 332:1193-1196. (Abstract)[doi:10.5061/dryad.5rv40]
  37. Woods, R. J., J. E. Barrick, T. F. Cooper, U. Shrestha, M. R. Kauth, and R. E. Lenski. 2011. Second-order selection for evolvability in a large Escherichia coli population. Science 331:1433-1436. (Abstract)
  38. Lenski, R. E. 2011. Evolution in action: a 50,000-generation salute to Charles Darwin. Microbe 6:30-33. (Journal PDF)
  39. Crozat, E., T. Hindré, L. Kühn, J. Garin, R. E. Lenski, and D. Schneider. 2011. Altered regulation of the OmpF porin by Fis in Escherichia coli during an evolution experiment and between B and K12 strains. Journal of Bacteriology 193:429-440. (Abstract)
  40. Meyer, J. R., A. A. Agrawal, R. T. Quick, D. T. Dobias, D. Schneider, and R. E. Lenski. 2010. Parallel changes in host resistance to viral infection during 45,000 generations of relaxed selection. Evolution 64:3024-3034. (Abstract)
  41. Crozat, E., C. Winkworth, J. Gaffé, P. F. Hallin, M. A. Riley, R. E. Lenski, and D. Schneider. 2010. Parallel genetic and phenotypic evolution of DNA superhelicity in experimental populations of Escherichia coli. Molecular Biology and Evolution 27:2113-2128. (Abstract)
  42. Barrick, J. E., and R. E. Lenski. 2009. Genome-wide mutational diversity in an evolving population of Escherichia coli. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 74:119-129. (Abstract)
  43. Stanek, M. T, T. F. Cooper, and R. E. Lenski. 2009. Identification and dynamics of a beneficial mutation in a long-term evolution experiment with Escherichia coli. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9:302 [13 pp]. (Abstract)
  44. Barrick, J. E., D. S. Yu, S. H. Yoon, H. Jeong, T. K. Oh, D. Schneider, R. E. Lenski, and J. F. Kim. 2009. Genome evolution and adaptation in a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli. Nature 461:1243-1247. (Abstract)
  45. Studier, F. W., P. Daegelen, R. E. Lenski, S. Maslov, and J. F. Kim. 2009. Understanding the differences between genome sequences of Escherichia coli B strains REL606 and BL21(DE3) and comparison of the E. coli B and K-12 genomes. Journal of Molecular Biology 394:653-680. (Abstract)
  46. Jeong, H., V. Barbe, C. H. Lee, D. Vallenet, D. S. Yu, S.-H. Choi, A. Couloux, S.-W. Lee, S. H. Yoon, L. Cattolico, C.-G. Hur, H.-S. Park, B. Ségurens, S. C. Kim, T. K. Oh, R. E. Lenski, F. W. Studier, P. Daegelen, and J. F. Kim. 2009. Genome sequences of Escherichia coli B strains REL606 and BL21(DE3). Journal of Molecular Biology 394:644-652. (Abstract)
  47. Daegelen, P., F. W. Studier, R. E. Lenski, S. Cure, and J. F. Kim. 2009. Tracing ancestors and relatives of Escherichia coli B, and the derivation of B strains REL606 and BL21(DE3). Journal of Molecular Biology 394:634-643. (Abstract)
  48. Philippe, N., L. Pelosi, R. E. Lenski, and D. Schneider. 2009. Evolution of penicillin-binding protein 2 concentration and cell shape during a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 191:909-921. (Abstract)
  49. Rozen, D. E., N. Philippe, J. A. de Visser, R. E. Lenski, and D. Schneider. 2009. Death and cannibalism in a seasonal environment facilitate bacterial coexistence. Ecology Letters 12:34-44. (Abstract)
  50. Blount, Z. D., C. Z. Borland, and R. E. Lenski. 2008. Historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 105:7899-7906. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  51. Cooper, T. F., S. K. Remold, R. E. Lenski, and D. Schneider. 2008. Expression profiles reveal parallel evolution of epistatic interactions involving the CRP regulon in Escherichia coli. PLoS Genetics 4:e35 [10 pp]. (Article)
  52. Ostrowski, E. A., R. J. Woods, and R. E. Lenski. 2008. The genetic basis of parallel and divergent phenotypic responses in evolving populations of Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 275:277-284. (Abstract)
  53. Philippe, N., E. Crozat, R. E. Lenski, and D. Schneider. 2007. Evolution of global regulatory networks during a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli. BioEssays 29:846-860. (Abstract)
  54. Sleight, S. C, N. S. Wigginton, and R. E. Lenski. 2006. Increased susceptibility to repeated freeze-thaw cycles in Escherichia coli following long-term evolution in a benign environment. BMC Evolutionary Biology 6:104 [8 pp]. (Abstract)
  55. Pelosi, L., L. Kühn, D. Guetta, J. Garin, J. Geiselmann, R. E. Lenski, and D. Schneider. 2006. Parallel changes in global protein profiles during long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. Genetics 173:1851-1869. (Abstract)
  56. Novak, M., T. Pfeiffer, R. E. Lenski, U. Sauer, and S. Bonhoeffer. 2006. Experimental tests for an evolutionary trade-off between growth rate and yield in E. coli. American Naturalist 168:242-251. (Abstract)
  57. Woods, R., D. Schneider, C. L. Winkworth, M. A. Riley, and R. E. Lenski. 2006. Tests of parallel molecular evolution in a long-term experiment with Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 103:9107-9112. (PNAS)
  58. Ostrowski, E. A., D. E. Rozen, and R. E. Lenski. 2005. Pleiotropic effects of beneficial mutations in Escherichia coli. Evolution 59:2343-2352. (Abstract)
  59. Rozen, D. E., D. Schneider, and R. E. Lenski. 2005. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. XIII. Phylogenetic history of a balanced polymorphism. Journal of Molecular Evolution 61:171-180. (Journal link)
  60. Crozat, E., N. Philippe, R. E. Lenski, J. Geiselmann, and D. Schneider. 2005. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. XII. DNA topology as a key target of selection. Genetics 169:523-532. (Abstract)
  61. Lenski, R. E. 2004. Phenotypic and genomic evolution during a 20,000-generation experiment with the bacterium Escherichia coli. Plant Breeding Reviews 24:225-265. (Acrobat file)
  62. Lenski, R. E., C. L. Winkworth, and M. A. Riley. 2003. Rates of DNA sequence evolution in experimental populations of Escherichia coli during 20,000 generations. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56:498-508. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  63. Cooper, T. F., D. E. Rozen, and R. E. Lenski. 2003. Parallel changes in gene expression after 20,000 generations of evolution in Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100:1072-1077. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  64. De Visser, J. A. G. M., and R. E. Lenski. 2002. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. XI. Rejection of non-transitive interactions as cause of declining rate of adaptation. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2:19. (Link)
  65. Lenski, R. E. 2002. Experimental evolution: a long-term study with E. coli. Pp. 342-344 in M. Pagel, S. Frank, C. Godfray, B. K. Hall, K. Hawkes, D. M. Hillis, A. Kodric-Brown, R. E. Lenski, and A. Pomiankowski, eds. Encyclopedia of Evolution. Oxford University Press, New York. (Order)
  66. Lenski, R. E. 2001. Testing Antonovics' five tenets of ecological genetics: experiments with bacteria at the interface of ecology and genetics. Pp. 25-45 in M. C. Press, N. Huntly, and S. Levin, eds. Ecology: Achievement and Challenge. Blackwell Science, Oxford. (Acrobat file)
  67. Cooper, V. S., A. F. Bennett, and R. E. Lenski. 2001. Evolution of thermal dependence of growth rate of Escherichia coli populations during 20,000 generations in a constant environment. Evolution 55:889-896. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  68. Cooper, V. S., D. Schneider, M. Blot, and R. E. Lenski. 2001. Mechanisms causing rapid and parallel losses of ribose catabolism in evolving populations of E. coli B. Journal of Bacteriology 183:2834-2841. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  69. Cooper, V. S., and R. E. Lenski. 2000. The population genetics of ecological specialization in evolving Escherichia coli populations. Nature 407:736-739. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  70. Schneider, D., E. Duperchy, E. Coursange, R. E. Lenski, and M. Blot. 2000. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. IX. Characterization of IS-mediated mutations and rearrangements. Genetics 156:477-488. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  71. Lenski, R. E., and J. A. Mongold. 2000. Cell size, shape, and fitness in evolving populations of bacteria. Pp. 221-235 in J. H. Brown and G. B. West, eds. Scaling in Biology. Oxford University Press.
  72. Rozen, D. E., and R. E. Lenski. 2000. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. VIII. Dynamics of a balanced polymorphism. American Naturalist 155:24-35. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  73. Vasi, F. K., and R. E. Lenski. 1999. Ecological strategies and fitness tradeoffs in Escherichia coli mutants adapted to prolonged starvation. Journal of Genetics 78:43-49. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  74. Vulic, M., R. E. Lenski, and M. Radman. 1999. Mutation, recombination and incipient speciation of bacteria in the laboratory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 96:7348-7351. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  75. Papadopoulos, D., D. Schneider, J. Meier-Eiss, W. Arber, R. E. Lenski, and M. Blot. 1999. Genomic evolution during a 10,000-generation experiment with bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 96:3807-3812. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  76. De Visser, J. A. G. M., C. W. Zeyl, P. J. Gerrish, J. L. Blanchard, and R. E. Lenski. 1999. Diminishing returns from mutation supply rate in asexual populations. Science 283:404-406. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  77. Gerrish, P. J., and R. E. Lenski. 1998. The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population. Genetica 102/103:127-144. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  78. Lenski, R. E., J. A. Mongold, P. D. Sniegowski, M. Travisano, F. Vasi, P. J. Gerrish, and T. Schmidt. 1998. Evolution of competitive fitness in experimental populations of E. coli: What makes one genotype a better competitor than another? Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 73:35-47. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  79. Elena, S. F., and R. E. Lenski. 1997. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. VII. Mechanisms maintaining genetic variability within populations. Evolution 51:1058-1067. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  80. Souza, V., P. E. Turner, and R. E. Lenski. 1997. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. V. Effects of recombination with immigrant genotypes on the rate of bacterial evolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10:743-769. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  81. Sniegowski, P. D., P. J. Gerrish, and R. E. Lenski. 1997. Evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of Escherichia coli. Nature 387:703-705. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  82. Elena, S. F., V. S. Cooper, and R. E. Lenski. 1996. Mechanisms of punctuated evolution. (Technical Comment). Science 274:1749-1750.
  83. Turner, P. E., V. Souza, and R. E. Lenski. 1996. Tests of ecological mechanisms promoting the stable coexistence of two bacterial genotypes. Ecology 77:2119-2129. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  84. Mongold, J. A., and R. E. Lenski. 1996. Experimental rejection of a nonadaptive explanation for increased cell size in Escherichia coli. Journal of Bacteriology 178: 5333-5334. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  85. Elena, S. F., V. S. Cooper, and R. E. Lenski. 1996. Punctuated evolution caused by selection of rare beneficial mutations. Science 272:1802-1804. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  86. Travisano, M., and R. E. Lenski. 1996. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. IV. Targets of selection and the specificity of adaptation. Genetics 143:15-26. (Abstract)
  87. Travisano, M., F. Vasi, and R. E. Lenski. 1995. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. III. Variation among replicate populations in correlated responses to novel environments. Evolution 49:189-200. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  88. Johnson, P. A., R. E. Lenski, and F. C. Hoppensteadt. 1995. Theoretical analysis of divergence in mean fitness between initially identical populations. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B 259:125-130. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  89. Travisano, M., J. A. Mongold, A. F. Bennett, and R. E. Lenski. 1995. Experimental tests of the roles of adaptation, chance, and history in evolution. Science 267:87-90. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  90. Vasi, F., M. Travisano, and R. E. Lenski. 1994. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. II. Changes in life-history traits during adaptation to a seasonal environment. American Naturalist 144:432-456. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  91. Lenski, R. E., and M. Travisano. 1994. Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: a 10,000-generation experiment with bacterial populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91:6808-6814. [Reprinted: Pp. 253-273 in F. J. Ayala and W. M. Fitch, editors. 1995. Tempo and Mode in Evolution: Genetics and Paleontology 50 Years after Simpson. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.] (Abstract)(Acrobat file)
  92. Lenski, R. E., M. R. Rose, S. C. Simpson, and S. C. Tadler. 1991. Long-term experimental evolution in Escherichia coli. I. Adaptation and divergence during 2,000 generations. American Naturalist 138:1315-1341. (Abstract)(Acrobat file)

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